Document Type : Full research article
Authors
Department of Chemistry, Federal University of Agriculture, PMB 2373 Makurdi, Nigeria
Abstract
The study involves the adsorption of potentially toxic metals from brewery effluent (Beff), using size modified (UAD) and chemically modified (TAD) Borassus aethiopum biomass. Preliminary study and characterization of both brewery effluent and the derived adsorbents were recorded, with result showing some water quality parameters greater than threshold limits set by legislation. Both classical and instrumental techniques adopted for Sorbent characterization show valid outcome. Batch kinetic studies were monitored along with the role of varying conditions (Effluent concentration, pH, time and temperature) that could influence cadmium (Cd) and chromium (Cr) adsorption. Model applicability test supported the Pseudo second-order, with a high correlation coefficient, least error sum and high precision in qe. cal./exp. The mode of transport is best explained with intra-particle diffusion, not as the only rate limiting process. Generally, the chemically treated biomass exhibited metal removal efficiencies that could compete with the function of commercial activated carbon (CAC).
Keywords
[1]A.A. Adepoju-Bello and O.M. Alabi, Heavy metals: A review, Nig. J. Pharm. 37 (2005) 41-45.
[2]T.A. Kurniawan, G.Y. Chan, W.H. Lo and S. Babel, Physicochemical treatment techniques for wastewater laden with heavy metals, Chem. Eng.118 (2006) 83-98.
[3]D.W. O’Connell, C. Birkinshaw and T.F. O’Dwyer, Heavy metal adsorbents prepared from the modification of cellulose: A review, Bioresource Technol. 99 (2008) 6709-6724.
[4]F. Fu and Q. Wang, Removal of heavy metal ions from wastewaters: a review. J. Env. Mgt. 92 (2011) 407-418.
[5]G. Tchobanoglous, F.L. Burton and H.D. Stensel, Wastewater engineering, treatment and reuse. 4th Ed. Metcalf and Teddy, McGraw Hill: (2003)1819-1822.
[6]A. Bhatnagar, M. Sillanpaa and A. Witek-Krowiat, Agricultural waste peels as versatile biomass for water purification- a review, Chem. Eng. J. 270 (2015) 244-271.
[7]I. Ali, M. Asim and T.A. Khan, Low cost adsorbent for removal of organic pollutants from wastewater, J. Env. Mgt.113 (2012) 170-183.
[8]G. Zhao, X. Wu, X. Tan and X. Wang, Sorption of heavy metal ions from solutions: A review, Col. Sci. J. 4 (2011) 19-31.
[9]M.A. Barakat, New trends in removing heavy metals from industrial wastewater. Arab. J. Chem. 4 (2011) 361-377.
[10]S.S. Gupta and K.G. Bhattacharyya, Kinetics of adsorption of metal ions on inorganic materials: a review, Adv. Col. Int. Sci, 162 (2011) 39-58.
[11]G. Limousin, J.P. Gaudet, L. Charlet, S. Szenknect, V. Barthes and M. Krimissa, Sorption isotherms: a review on physical bases, modeling and measurement. Appl. Geochem. 22 (2007) 249-275.
[12]H. Qiu, L. Lv, B.C. Pan, Q.J. Zhang, W.M. Zhang and Q.X. Zhang, Critical review in adsorption kinetic models, J. Zhe. Univ. Sci. A, 10 (2009) 716-724.
[13]Y.S. Ho and G. McKay, Pseudo-Second Order Model for Sorption Processes, Pro. Biochem. (1999) 735-742.
[14]J. Zhang and R. Stanforth, Slow Adsorption Reaction between Arsenic Species and Geothite, Diffusion or Heterogeneous Surface Reaction Control, Lang. 21 (2005) 2895-2901.
[15]F. Wu and R. Tseng, Juang Initial behaviour of Intraparticle Diffusion Model used in the Description of Adsorption Kinetics. Chem. Eng. J. 153 (2009) 1-8.
[16]A.A. Khan and R.P. Singh, Adsorption Thermodynamics of Carbofuran on Sn (IV) Arseno silicate in H+, Na+ and Ca+2 forms, Col. Surf. 24 (1987) 33-42.
[17]V.C. Srivastava, M.M. Swamy, I.D. Mall, B. Prasad and I.M. Mishra, Adsorptive Removal of Phenol by Bagasse fly ash and Activated Carbon: Equilibrium, Kinetics and Thermodynamics, Col. Surf. 272 (2006) 89-104.
[18]K. Foo and B.H. Hameed, Insights into the modeling of adsorption isotherm systems, Chem. Eng. 156 (2010) 2-10.
[19]H. Aydin, Y. Bulut and C. Yerlikaya, Removal of copper (II) from aqueous solution by adsorption onto low cost adsorbents, Env. Mgt. 87 (2008) 37-45.
[20]A.M. Aljeboree, A.N. Alshirifi and A,F Alkaim, Kinetics and equilibrium study for the adsorption of textile dyes on coconut shell activated carbon. Arab. J. Chem. 10 (2014) 29-31.
[21]V. Heuze, D. Sauvant, G.Tran, F. Lebas and M. Lessire, Carob (Ceratonia siliqua) Feedipedia.org. A programme by INRA, CIRAD, AFZ and FAO. (2013) 23-31
[22]APHA-American Public Health Association, Standard method for the examination of water and wastewater, 19th Edn. Washington DC. (1995) 22-31.
[23]AWWA-American Water Works Association, Standard method for the examination of water and wastewater, 19th Edn. Washington DC. (1995) 211-215.
[24]O.S. Amuda, A.A. Giwa and I.A. Bello, Removal of heavy metal from industrial wastewater using modified activated coconut shell carbon, Biochem. Eng. 36 (2007) 174-181.
[25]M.S. Sreekala, M.G. Kumaran and S.Thomas, Oil palm fibers: Morphology, chemical composition, surface modification, and mechanical properties, Appl. Pol. Sci. 66 (1997) 821–835.
[26]A.U. Itodo, F.A. Atiku, R.A. Kolo and A.A. Kwaido, Dyes Uptake onto Processed Raw Mango Seed back, .Asi. J. Pl. Sci.Res. 1 (2011) 57-66.
[27]E.S.M. El-Dars, M.H. Ibrahim, B.A.H. Farag, Z.M. Abdelwahhab and H.E. Shalabi, Preparation, Characterization of Bentonite Carbon Composite and Design Application In Adsorption of Bromothymol Blue Dye, Eng. Sci. Tech. 3 (2016) 3758-3765.
[28]M. Niswir, S. Arita and S. Marsi, Characterization of Bentonite by XRD and SEM-EDS and Use to Increase PH and Color Removal, Fe and Organic Substances in Peat. Wat. (2013) 313-317.
[29]M. Bosnic, J. Buljan and R.P. Daniels, Pollutants In Tannery Effluents; United Nations Industrial Development Organization(UNIDO), US/RAS/92/120 (2000) 88-91.
[30]V.K. Verma and A.K. Mishra, Kinetic and Isotherm Modeling of Adsorption of Dyes Onto Rice Husk Carbon; Glo.. NEST. 2 (2010) 190-196.
[31]A.S. Peter, I.A. Danie, O.L. George and O.A.A. Ernest, Comparative study of the quality of wastewater from Tema oil refinery (TOR) against EPA standards and its effect on the environment, Civ. Env. Res. 6 (2014) 17.
[32]H.A. Mohammed, A. Hamza, I.K. Adamu, A. Ejila, S.M. Waziri and S.I. Mustapha, BOD5 removal from tannery wastewater over ZnO-ZnFe2O4 composite photocatalyst supported on activated carbon, Chem. Eng.Mat. Sci. 4 (2013) 80-86.
[33]M.E. Khaled, E. Ashraf and H. Ibrahim, Equilibrium and Kinetic Studies of Cu (II) Biosorption Onto Waste Tea and Coffee Powder (WTCP), Iran. J. Anal. Chem. 5 (2018) 31-38
[34]S. Krishanamoorthi, V. Sivakumar, K. Saravanan and P.T.V. Sriram, Treatment and reuse of tannery waste water by embedded system, Mod. Appl. Sci. 3 (2009).
[35]E.L. Hawlay, A.D. Rula C.K. Michael and J.R.G. James, Treatment Technologies for Chromium(VI), CRC Press LLC, L1C08. (2004) 273-276
[36]D.B. Veena, A.A. Jahagirdar and A.M.N. Zulfiqar, Adsorption of Chromium on Activated Carbon Prepared from Coconut Shell, Int. J. Eng. Res. Appl. 2 (2012) 364-370.
[37]H.A. Aziz, M.S. Yusoff, M.N. Adlan, N.H. Adnan and S. Alias, Heavy metals, Waste Mgt. 24 (2008) 353-358.
[38]D. Kibami, C.K.S. Pongener, K.S. Rao and D. Sinha, Preparation and characterization of activated carbon from Fagopyrum esculentum Moench by HNO3 and H3PO4 chemical activation, Der Chem. Sin. 5 (2014) 46-55
[39]A.S. Ahmed, A.M. Tantawy, M.E. Abdallah and I.M. Qassim, Characterization and application of kaolinite clay as solid phase extractor for removal of copper ions from environmental water samples, Int. J. Adv. Res. 3 (2015) 1-21
[40]. M. Makeswari, T. Santhi and M.R. Ezhilarasi, Adsorption of methylene blue dye by citric acid modified leaves of Ricinus communis from aqueous solutions, Chem. Pharm. Res. 8 (2016) 452-462.
[41]M. Suguna, K.N. Siva, S.M. Venkata and A. Krishnaiah, Removal of divalent manganese from aqueous solution using Tamarindusindica Fruit Nut Shell, Chem. Pharm. Res. 2 (2010)7-20.
[42]T. Karichappan, S. Venkatachalam and P.M. Jeganathan, Optimization of electrocoagulation process to treat grey wastewater in batch mode using response surface methodology. Env. Hlt. Sci. Eng. 12 (2014) 29-40.
[43]H. Hiroyuki, N. Hideki and T. Kataoka, Adsorption of BSA on strongly basic chitosan-Equilibra, Biotech. Bioeng. 43 (1994) 1087-1093.
[44]M.E. Taha, H.M. Zeinhom, S.Walied and M.I. Ahmed, Kinetic and Equilibrium Isotherms Studies of Adsorption of Pb (II) from Water onto Natural Adsorbent. JEP. 5 (2014) 1667-1681.
[45]K.K.H.Choy, D.C.K. Ko, C.W. Cheung, J.F. Porter and G. McKay. Film and intraparticle mass transfer during the adsorption of metal ions onto bone char. Col. Interf. Sci. 271 (2004) 284–295.
[46]K. Mohanty, D. Das, M.N. Biswas, Adsorption of phenol from aqueous solutions using activated carbons prepared from Tectona grandis sawdust by ZnCl2 activation, Chem. Eng. 115 (2005) 121-131.
)