Document Type : Full research article
Authors
1 Chemistry Department, Faculty of Applied Science, Umm Al-Qura University, Saudi Arab
2 Chemistry Department, Faculty of Science, Benha University, Benha, Egypt
Abstract
The use of a polymer inclusion membrane (PIM) as a sensing material is a novel approach to overcome the selectivity and stability of the optical chemical sensor (optode). In this work, non-plasticized PIM containing poly vinyl chloride (PVC) as a support base, 2-(2-benzothiazolylazo)phenol (BTAP) as a reagent and Aliquat 336 as a fixed carrier (ionophore) was prepared and its performance was tested for application in an optode to determine Fe3+ ions. The results showed that PIM properties are greatly affected by the membrane composition. The studies revealed that the optode response was dependent on film thickness, the presence of plasticizer, stirring effect, concentration of BTAP, concentration of Aliquat 336 and pH of the aqueous solution used. A linear calibration curve in the range from 5.0–210 ng mL−1 of Fe3+, with a detection and quantification limits of 1.60 and 4.95 ng mL−1, respectively were obtained. The maximum wavelength (λmax) for the PIM based optical optode was 581 nm. The PIM developed in this investigation was found to be stable, has good mechanical strength, sensitive and reusable. Lastly, the PIM was successfully applied as an optical sensor to determine Fe3+ ions in natural water, food, biological and environmental samples, and the obtained result is comparable to atomic absorption spectrometry method.
Keywords
[1] C. Niederau, R. Fischer, A. Purschel, W. Stremmel and D. Haussinger, Long-term survival in patients with hereditary hemochromatosis, Gastroenterology. 110 (1996) 1107–1119.
[2] WHO, Rolling revision of the WHO guidelines for drinking water quality, Nutrient minerals in drinking-water and the potential health consequences of long-term consumption of demineralized and remineralized and altered mineral content drinking-waters, 2003.
[3] European Community, Directive 98/83/EC on the quality of water intended for human consumption, 1998.
[4] F.A. Cotton, and G. Wilkinson, Advanced Inorganic Chemistry, John Wily & Sons, Inc., New York, 1988.
[5] N.N. Greenwood and A. Earnshaw, Chemistry of the Elements, Pergamon Press, Oxford, New York, 1989.
[6] T.M. Florence and G.E. Batley, Chemical speciation in natural waters, Crit. Rev. Anal. Chem. 9 (1980) 219–228.
[7] T.M. Florence, The speciation of trace elements in waters, Talanta 29 (1982) 345–249.
[8] H. Bag, A.R. Turker, A. Tunceli and M. Lale, Determination of Fe(II) and Fe(III) in Water by Flame Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometry after Their Separation with Aspergillus niger Immobilized on Sepiolite, Anal. Sci. 7 (2001) 901–904.
[9] R.A. Goyer, Toxic Effects of Metals, in: C.D. Klaassen (Ed.), Casarett & Doull's toxicology: the basic science of poisons, 5th ed. Mc Graw-Hill, New York City, NY 1996, pp. 715–716.
[10] W.F. Green and J.O. Hall, Iron Toxicities, in: J.D. Bonagura (Ed.), Kirk's current therapy XII small animal practice, WB Saunders Co., Philadelphia, Pa 1995, pp. 240–242.
[11] M. Karabörk, A. Ersoz, E. Birlik and R. Say, Preconcentration of Fe(III) using Fe(III)–Ion imprinted polymeric traps and its analytical performance for FAAS, Hacettepe J. Biol. Chem. 35 (2007) 135–142.
[12] R.J.P. Williams, Iron and the origin of life, Nature 343 (1990) 213–214.
[13] R.B. Martin, The chemistry of aluminum as related to biology and medicine, Clin. Chem. 32 (1986) 1797–1806.
[14] S.A.A. Elsuccary and A.A. Salem, Novel flow injection analysis methods for the determination of total iron in blood serum and water, Talanta 131 (2015) 108–115.
[15] W.G. Sunda and S.A. Huntsman, Iron uptake and growth limitation in oceanic and coastal phytoplankton, Mar. Chem. 50 (1995) 189–206.
[16] Department of National Health and Welfare, Nutrition Recommendations, The Report of the Scientific Review Committee, Ottawa, Canada, 1990.
[17] R.P. Ashdown and P.J. Marriott, Simultaneous speciation analysis of Fe(II) and Fe(III) in mineral samples by using capillary electrophoresis, J. High Resol. Chromatogr. 23 (2000) 430–436.
[18] L. Xia, Y. Wu, Z. Jiang, S. Li and B. Hu, Speciation of Fe (III) and Fe (II) in water samples by liquid–liquid extraction combined with low-temperature electrothermal vaporization (ETV) ICP-AES, Int. J. Environ. Anal. Chem. 83 (2003) 953–962.
[19] X.P. Yan, M.J. Hendry and R. Kerrich, Speciation of dissolved iron(iii) and iron(ii) in water by on-line coupling of flow injection separation and preconcentration with inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry. Anal. Chem. 72 (2000) 1879–1884.
[20] R.B. Willis and D. Sangster, Extraction of colored complexes with Amberlite XAD-2, Anal. Chem. 48 (1976) 59–62.
[21] S. Dadfarnia, A.M. Haji Shabani and Z. Dehghani, Immobilized stearic acid as a new sorbent for on-line preconcentration and determination of lead by flow injection flame atomic absorption spectrometry, J. Braz. Chem. Soc. 17 (2006) 548–554.
[22] V.A. Lemos, J.S. Santos and P.X. Baliza, Me-BTABr reagent in cloud point extraction for spectrometric determination of copper in water samples, J. Braz. Chem. Soc. 17 (2006) 30–35.
[23] Shijo, Y., The extraction spectrophotometric determination of iron (iii) with eriochrome cyanine r and tridodecyl ethylammonium bromide, Bull. Chem. Soc. Jpn. 48 (1975) 2793–2796.
[24] N. Hirayama1, N. Ichitani, N. Kuzuya, K., Kubono, H., Kokusen and T. Honjo, Complexation equilibrium between iron(III) and N,N’(bis-2-hydroxy-phenylmethyl)-N,N’-bis(2-pyridylmethyl)-1,2-ethanediamine, Analusis 26 (1998) 370–372.
[25] C. Lih-Fen, S. Masatada, B.K., Puri and P.B. Saswati, Spectrophotometric determination of iron(II) after separation by collection of its ternary complex of 1,10-phenanthroline and tetraphenylborate, Bull. Chem. Soc. Jpn. 56 (1983) 2000–2003.
[26] H. Mohabey, P.K. Sharma and R.K. Mishra, Spectrophotometric determination of iron(III) with N-hydroxy-N-phenyl-N`-(2-methyl) phenyl benzamidine hydrochloride in presence of thiocyanate and azide, Proc.-Indian Acad. Sci. Chem. Sci. 89 (1980) 95–99.
[27] M.C. da Cunha Areias, L.H.S. Avila-Terra, I. Gaubeur and M.E.V. Suarez-Iha, A new simultaneous spectrophotometric method of determination of iron(II) and iron(III) in natural waters, Spectrosc. Lett. 34 (2001) 289–300.
[28] A.G. Iv and B. Tamhina, Extraction and formation of iron (III) thiocyanate complexes: Application for spectrophotometric determination of iron, Croat. Chem. Acta 76 (2003) 323–328.
[29] J. Miura, Masking agents in the spectrophotometric determination of metal ions with 2-(5-bromo-2-pyridylazo)-5-diethylaminophenol and Nnon-ionic surfactant, Analyst 114 (1989) 1323–1329.
[30] P.B. Issopoulos and T. Pantelis, Application of ternary complexes in pharmaceutical analysis part III. Spectrophotometric microdetermination of iron (II) in anti-anaemic formulations, Fresenius Z. Anal. Chem. 345 (1993) 595–599.
[31] G.S.R. Krishnamurti and P.M. Huang, Spectrophotometric determination of Fe(II) with 2,4,6-tri(2’-pyridyl)-1,3,5-triazine in the presence of large quantities of Fe(III) and complexing ions, Talanta 37 (1990) 745–748.
[32] Issopoulos, P. B. and Pantelis, T., Spectrophotometric Determination of Iron (II) in Anti-Anaemic Preparations Using a Newly Developed Schiff’s Base, Fresenius’ Z. Anal. Chem. 342 (1992) 439–443.
[33] M.V. Dawson and S.J. Lyle, Spectrophotometric determination of iron and cobalt with ferrozine and dithizone, Talanta 37 (1990) 1189–1191.
[34] X.D. Wang and O.S. Wofbeis, Fiber-optic chemical sensors and biosensors (2008–2012), Anal. Chem. 85 (2013) 487–508.
[35] C. McDonagh, C.S. Burke and B.D. MacCraith, Optical chemical sensors, Chem. Rev. 108 (2008) 400–422.
[36] R. Narayanaswamy, and O.S. Wolfbeis, Optical Sensors for Industrial, Environmentaland Diagnostics Applications, Springer, Berlin, 2004.
[37] O.S. Wolfbeis, Fiber-optic chemical sensors and biosensors, Anal. Chem. 80 (2008) 4269–4283.
[38] M. Bagher-Gholivand, A. Babakhanian, M. Mohammadi, P. Moradi and S.H. Kiaie, Novel optical bulk membrane sensor and its application for determination of iron in plant and cereal samples, J. Food Comp. & Anal. 29 (2013) 144–150.
[39] Q. Zhu and R.C. Aller, Two-dimensional dissolved ferrous iron distributions in marine sediments as revealed by a novel planar optical sensor, Marine Chem. 136–137 (2012) 14–23.
[40] G.R. You, G.J. Park, S.A. Lee, K.Y. Ryu and C. Kima, Chelate-type Schiff base acting as a colorimetric sensor for iron inaqueous solution, Sen. & Actuators B 215 (2015) 188–195.
[41] S.A. Kumar, N. Thakur, H.J. Parab, S.P. Pandey, R.N. Shinde, A.K. Pandey and S.D. Kumar, A.V.R. Reddy, A visual strip sensor for determination of iron, Anal. Chim. Acta 851 (2014) 87–94.
[42] A. Samadi-Maybodi, V. Rezaei and S. Rastegarzadeh, Sol–gel based optical sensor for determination of Fe (II): A novel probe for iron speciation, Spectrochim. Acta (A) 136 (2015) 832–837.
[43] D. Vlascici, E. Fagadar-Cosma, I. Popa, V. Chiriac and M. Gil-Agusti, A Novel sensor for monitoring of iron(III) ions based on porphyrins, Sensors 12 (2012) 8193–8203.
[44] A.R. Firooz, M. Movahedi and H. Sabzyan, A new selective optode for the determination of iron(III) based on the immobilization of morin on triacetylcellulose: A combined experimental and computational study, Mat. Sci. & Eng. C 94 (2019) 410–416.
[45] I. Oehme and O.S. Wolfbeis, Optical sensors for determination of heavy metal ions, Mikrochim. Acta 126 (1997) 177–192.
[46] N.J. Van der Veen, E. Rozniecka, L.A. Woldering, M. Chudy, J. Husken, F.C. J.M. Veggel and D.N. Reinhoudt, Highly selective optical-sensing membranes, containing calix[4]arene chromoionophores, for Pb2+ ions, Chem. Eur. J. 7 (2001) 4878–4886.
[47] I.M. Steinberg, A. Lobnik and O.S. Wolfbeis, Characterisation of an optical sensor membrane based on the metal ion indicator pyrocatechol violet, Sens. Actuators B 90 (2003) 230–235.
[48] F.B.M. Suah, M. Ahmad and M.N. Taib, Applications of artificial neural network on signal processing of optical fibre pH sensor based on bromophenol blue doped with sol–gel film, Sens. Actuators B 90 (2003) 182–188.
[49] B.D. MacCraith and C. Mc Donagh, Enhanced fluorescence sensing using sol-gel materials, J. Fluoresc. 12 (2002) 333–343.
[50] S.B. Savvin, L.M. Trutneva, O.P. Shvoeva and K.A. Efendieva, Mercury sensor based on immobilized 4-phenolazo-3-aminorhodanine, J. Anal. Chem. USSR Engl. Tr. 46 (1991) 507–510.
[51] A.S. Amin and E.H. El-Mossalamy, Simple spectrophotometric method for the quantitative determination of uranium, J. Trace & Microprobe Tech. 21 (2003) 637–648.
[52] H.T.S. Britton, “Hydrogen Ions”, 4th ed., Chapman and Hall, London, 1952.
[53] A.K. Sharma and I. Singh, Spectrophotometric trace determination of iron in food, milk & tea samples using a new bis-azo dye as analytical reagent. Food Anal. Methods 23 (2009). 221–225.
[54] H. Hsu, S.M. Fenstone and J.H. Hoofnagle, Acute viral Hepatitis. In: Mandell G.I., Bennett I.E., Dolin R. (eds). Principles & practice of injections diseases. Churchill Livingstone, New York, 1995, 1136–1153.
[55] E. L. Krawitt, chronic hepatitis. In: Mandell, G. I., Benett, I. E., & Dolin, R. Principles practice of injections diseases (pp. 1153–1159). New York: Churchill Livingstone, 1995.
[56] E.Q. Oreste, R.M. de Oliveira, A.M. Nunes, M.A. Vieira and A.S. Ribeiro, Sample preparation methods for determination of Cd, Pb and Sn in meat samples by GFAAS: use of acid digestion associated with a cold finger apparatus versus solubilization methods, Anal. Methods 5 (2013) 1590–1595.
[57] C.S. da Silva, A.M. Nunes, E.Q. Oreste, T.S. Acunha, M.A. Vieira and A.S. Ribeiro, Evaluation of sample preparation methods based on alkaline and acid solubilization for the determination of Na+ and K+ in meat samples by atomic spectrometric techniques, J. Braz. Chem. Soc. 23 (2012) 1623–1629.
[58] K. Wygladacz, and E. Bakker, Imaging fiber microarray fluorescent ion sensors based on bulk optode microspheres, Anal. Chim. Acta 532 (2005) 61–69.
[59] I. Oehme and O.S. Wolfbeis, Optical sensors for determination of heavy metal ions, Mikrochim. Acta 126 (1997) 177–192.
[60] K. Pyrzynska and A. Pekal, Flavonoids as analytical reagents, Crit. Rev. Anal. Chem. 41 (2011) 335–345.
[61] R. Von Wandruszka, Luminescence of micellar solutions, Crit. Rev. Anal. Chem. 23 (1992) 187–215.
[62] L.D. Ngheim, P. Mornane, I.D. Potter, J.M. Pereira, R.W. Cattrall and S.D. Kolev, Extraction and transport of metal ions and small organic compounds using polymer inclusion membranes (PIMs), J. Membr. Sci. 281 (2006) 7–41.
[63] S.H. Alabbas, D.C. Ashworth and R. Narayanaswamy, Determination of trace contaminants in food and drink, Anal. Proc. 26 (1989) 373–380.
[64] IUPAC, Strategy for determination of LOD and LOQ values–Some basic aspects, Spectrochim. Acta B 33 (1978) 241–245.
[65] M.A. Akl, Preconcentration extractive separation, speciation and spectrometric determination of iron (III) in environmental samples, Microchem. J. 75 (2003) 199–209.
[66] P. K. Tarafder and R. Thakur, Surfactant-mediated extraction of iron and its spectrophotometric determination in rocks, minerals, soils, stream sediments and water samples, Microchem. J. 80 (2005) 39–43.
[67] A.B. Tabrizi, Development of a dispersive liquid–liquid microextraction method for iron speciation and determination in different water samples, J. Hazard. Mater. 183 (2010) 688–693.
[68] N. Pourreza, S. Rastegarzadeh, A.R. Kiasat and H. Yahyavi, Spectrophotometric determination of iron (II) after solid phase extraction of its 2, 2′ bipyridine complex on silica gel-polyethylene glycol, J. Spectrosc. 2013 (2013) 1–6.
[69] H. Filik and D. Giray, Cloud point extraction for speciation of iron in beer samples by spectrophotometry, Food Chem. 130 (2012) 209–213.
[70] B. Peng, Y. Shen, Z. Gao, M. Zhou, Y. Ma and S. Zhao, Determination of total iron in water and foods by dispersive liquid–liquid microextraction coupled with microvolume UV–vis spectrophotometry, Food Chem. 176 (2015) 288–293.
[71] M. R. Moghadam, A. M. H. Shabani and S. Dadfarnia, Spectrophotometric determination of iron species using a combination of artificial neural networks and dispersive liquid–liquid microextraction based on solidification of floating organic drop, J. Hazard. Mater. 197 (2011) 176–182.
[72] Y. Yamini and N. Amiri, Solid-phase extraction, separation, and visible spectrophotometric determination of trace amounts of iron in water samples, J. AOAC Int. 84 (2001) 713–718.
[73] A. Samadi and M. Amjadi, Halloysite nanotubes as a new adsorbent for solid phase extraction and spectrophotometric determination of iron in water and food samples. J. Appl. Spect. 83 (2016) 430–437.
[74] M.R. Moghadam, A.M.H. Shabani and S. Dadfarnia, Simultaneous spectrophotometric determination of Fe(III) and Al(III) using orthogonal signal correction–partial least squares calibration method after solidified floating organic drop microextraction, Spectrochim. Acta (A) 135 (2015) 929–934.
[75] J.C. Miller and J.N. Miller, Statistics for Analytical Chemistry, 5th ed.; Ellis Horwood: Chichester, UK, 2005.
)