Document Type : Full research article
Authors
Department of Chemistry, Payam Noor University, P.O. Box 19395- 4697, Tehran, Iran.
10.30473/ijac.2026.77002.1333
Abstract
Hydroxychloroquine (HCQ) is a widely studied therapeutic agent that has garnered significant attention for its potential applications across a range of diseases. HCQ has since been investigated for its immunomodulatory and antiviral properties, making it a candidate in the management of autoimmune disorders as well as certain viral infections. The development of efficient electrochemical sensors for accurate HCQ measurement is crucial for clinical and pharmaceutical applications. This study presents a comprehensive comparative electrochemical investigation of glassy carbon electrode (GCE) modified with ferrocene (FC) and UiO-66-NH2 metal–organic frameworks (MOF), with and without reduced graphene oxide (rGO), for the sensitive detection of HCQ. FC and MOF incorporated with rGO to enhance their electrochemical properties. The fabricated HCQ sensor, with three wide linear ranges (1-50 nM, 50-1000 nM, and 1-100 μM), high sensitivity (0.265 μA nM−1, 0.032 μA nM−1, and 0.517 μA μM−1), and low detection limit (0.215 nM), was applied successfully for the analysis of real human blood serum and urine samples.
Keywords
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