Document Type : Full research article
Authors
1. Nuclear Fuel Cycle Research School, Nuclear Science & Technology Research Institute, End of North Karegar Ave., P.O. Box 14395-836, Tehran, Iran
Abstract
A ligandless on-line solid phase extraction method was developed for the preconcentration of lead prior to quantitation by inductively coupled plasma-optical emission spectrometry. In this method, the sample solution was passed through a syringe membrane filter coated with graphitic carbon nitride and Pb(II) ions were directly adsorbed on the surface of g-C3N4 particles. The adsorbed Pb(II) ions were subsequently eluted from the membrane and transferred directly into the ICP-OES nebulizer with nitric acid solution. Under the optimized conditions and preconcentration of 25 mL of sample, the enhancement factor of 110 and the detection limit of 0.12 μg L-1 were obtained. The proposed procedure was applied for the preconcentration and determination of lead in environmental water samples.
Keywords
[1] E.L. Silva and P.d.S. Roldan, Simultaneous flow injection preconcentration of lead and cadmium using cloud point extraction and determination by atomic absorption spectrometry, J. Hazard. Mater. 161 (2009) 142-147.
[2] W.I. Mortada and A.M. Abdelghany, Preconcentration of lead in blood and urine samples among bladder cancer patients using mesoporous strontium titanate nanoparticles, Biol. Trace Elem. Res. 193 (2020) 100-110.
[1] P.K. Tewari and A.K. Singh, Preconcentration of lead with Amberlite XAD-2 and Amberlite XAD-7 based chelating resins for its determination by flame atomic absorption spectrometry, Talanta 56 (2002) 735-744.
[2] F. Shah, T.G. Kazi, Naeemullah, H.I. Afridi and M. Soylak, Temperature controlled ionic liquid-dispersive liquid phase microextraction for determination of trace lead level in blood samples prior to analysis by flame atomic absorption spectrometry with multivariate optimization, Microchem. J. 101 (2012) 5-10.
[3] S.R. Yousefi and F. Shemirani, Development of a robust ionic liquid-based dispersive liquid–liquid microextraction against high concentration of salt for preconcentration of trace metals in saline aqueous samples: Application to the determination of Pb and Cd, Anal. Chim. Acta 669 (2010) 25-31.
[4] A. Jouki, S. Rastegarzadeh, M. Zendehdel and B. Zargar, Application of vortex-assisted solid-phase extraction for the simultaneous preconcentration of Cd (ii) and Pb (ii) by nano clinoptilolite modified with 5 (p-dimethylaminobenzylidene) rhodanine, Anal. Methods 11 (2019) 3996-4005.
[5] V.O. Vasylechko, G.V. Gryshchouk, M.I. Kaminska and B.M. Stel’makhovych, A solid-phase extraction method using acid-modified Transcarpathian clinoptilolite for preconcentration of trace amounts of lead in water samples, Appl. Nanosci. 9 (2019) 1057-1065.
[6] E. Zolfonoun and S.R. Yousefi, Simultaneous determination of rare earth elements by ICP OES after on-Line enrichment using multi-walled carbon nanotubes coated cellulose acetate membrane, J. Braz. Chem. Soc. 27 (2016) 2348-2353.
[7] S.R. Yousefi and E. Zolfonoun, On-line solid phase extraction using ion-pair microparticles combined with ICP-OES for the simultaneous preconcentration and determination of uranium and thorium, Radiochim. Acta 104 (2016) 801-807.
[8] J. Wang, Z. Chen, Z. Li and Y. Yang, Magnetic nanoparticles based dispersive micro-solid-phase extraction as a novel technique for the determination of estrogens in pork samples, Food Chem. 204 (2016) 135-140.
[9] N. Zou, K. Gu, S. Liu, Y. Hou, J. Zhang, X. Xu, X. Li and C. Pan, Rapid analysis of pesticide residues in drinking water samples by dispersive solid-phase extraction based on multiwalled carbon nanotubes and pulse glow discharge ion source ion mobility spectrometry, J. Sep. Sci. 39 (2016) 1202-1212.
[10] F. Aydin, E. Yilmaz, E. Ölmez and M. Soylak, Cu2O-CuO ball like/multiwalled carbon nanotube hybrid for fast and effective ultrasound-assisted solid phase extraction of uranium at ultra-trace level prior to ICP-MS detection, Talanta 207 (2020) 120295.
[11] P. Menghwar, E. Yilmaz and M. Soylak, A hybrid material composed of multiwalled carbon nanotubes and MoSe2 nanorods as a sorbent for ultrasound-assisted solid-phase extraction of lead (II) and copper (II), Microchim. Acta 186 (2019) 666.
[12] M. Alvand and F. Shemirani, Fabrication of Fe3O4@graphene oxide core-shell nanospheres for ferrofluid-based dispersive solid phase extraction as exemplified for Cd(II) as a model analyte, Microchim. Acta 183 (2016) 1749-1757.
[13] S.M. Yousefi and F. Shemirani, Carbon nanotube-based magnetic bucky gels in developing dispersive solid-phase extraction: application in rapid speciation analysis of Cr(VI) and Cr(III) in water samples, Int. J. Environ. Anal. Chem. 97 (2017) 1065-1079.
[14] N. Xu, Y. Wang, M. Rong, Z. Ye, Z. Deng and X. Chen, Facile preparation and applications of graphitic carbon nitride coating in solid-phase microextraction, J. Chromatogr. A 1364 (2014) 53-58.
[15] J. Yang, L. Si, S. Cui and W. Bi, Synthesis of a graphitic carbon nitride nanocomposite with magnetite as a sorbent for solid phase extraction of phenolic acids, Microchim. Acta 182 (2015) 737-744.
[16] J. Liu, T. Zhang, Z. Wang, G. Dawson and W. Chen, Simple pyrolysis of urea into graphitic carbon nitride with recyclable adsorption and photocatalytic activity, J. Mater. Chem. 21 (2011) 14398-14401.
[17] H.B. Zheng, J. Ding, S.J. Zheng, G.T. Zhu, B.F. Yuan and Y.Q. Feng, Facile synthesis of magnetic carbon nitride nanosheets and its application in magnetic solid phase extraction for polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in edible oil samples, Talanta 148 (2016) 46-53.
[18] E. Zolfonoun and S.R. Yousefi, On-line ultrasound-assisted dispersive micro-solid phase extraction using graphitic carbon nitride microparticles combined with ICP-OES for the preconcentration and determination of thorium, J. Radioanal. Nucl. Chem. 326 (2020) 273-279.
[19] N. Jalbani and M. Soylak, Preconcentration/separation of lead at trace level from water samples by mixed micelle cloud point extraction, J. Ind. Eng. Chem. 29 (2015) 48-51.
[20] M. Soylak and Z. Erbas, Vortex-assisted magnetic solid phase extraction of Cd(II), Cu(II) and Pb(II) on the Nitroso–R salt impregnated magnetic Ambersorb 563 for their separation, preconcentration and determination by FAAS, Int. J. Environ. Anal. Chem.98(2018) 799–810.
[21] Z.A. Alothman, N.H. Al-Shaalan, M.A. Habila, Y.E. Unsal, M. Tuzen and M. Soylak, Dispersive liquid–liquid microextraction of lead(II) as 5-(4-dimethylaminobenzylidene) rhodanine chelates from food and water samples, Environ. Monit. Assess. 187 (2015) 9-16.
[22] A. Maratta, S. Vázquez, A. López, M. Augusto and P.H. Pacheco, Lead preconcentration by solid phase extraction using oxidized carbon xerogel and spectrophotometric determination with dithizone, Microchem. J. 128 (2016) 166-171.
[23] R.N.C.S. Carvalho, G.B. Brito, M.G.A. Korn, J.S.R. Teixeira, F.S. Dias, A.F. Dantas and L.S.G. Teixeira, Multi-element determination of copper, iron, nickel, manganese, lead and zinc in environmental water samples by ICP-OES after solid phase extraction with a C18 cartridge loaded with 1-(2-pyridylazo)-2-naphthol, Anal. Methods 7 (2015) 8714-8719.
[24] B. Feist and B. Mikula, Preconcentration of some metal ions with lanthanum-8-hydroxyquinoline co-precipitation system, Food Chem. 147 (2014) 225-229.
)