In collaboration with Payame Noor University and Iranian Chemical Science and Technologies Association

Document Type : Full research article

Authors

1 Chemistry Department, Faculty of Science, Misurata University, Misurata, Libya

2 Chemistry Department, Faculty of Education, Misurata University, Misurata, Libya

3 Chemistry Department, Faculty of Science, University of Benghazi, Benghazi-Libya

Abstract

The aim of this study was to estimate and compare some of chemical constituents in nuts and seeds consumed as snacks and available in the local market of Misurata city in Libya. 18 kinds of local and imported raw and roasted nuts and seeds samples were randomly collected from stores distributed across the city, with 3 - 4 replicates of each kind, in order to estimate the concentrations of some chemical components and heavy elements, which were lead (Pb), cadmium (Cd), Iron (Fe), copper (Cu), chromium (Cr), manganese (Mn), cobalt (Co), zinc (Zn), nickel (Ni), moisture, ash, total solids and protein. The dry digestion method was used to prepare the samples for heavy metals determination using Flame Atomic Absorption Spectrometer. Also, moisture, ash and total solids contents were determined, and Kjeldahl method was used to estimate proteins. The results showed that the average concentrations of heavy metals varied significantly with sample kind. The levels of the studied metals were as follows: 0.075 - 1.167, 31.50 - 116.00, 0.325 - 1.325, 9.425- 71.00, 0.025-3.87, 8.325- 24.825, 0.175- 1.250, 0.050- 0.750, 43.00- 98.325 mg/kg, for Co, Zn, Ni, Mn, Pb, Cu, Cr, Cd, and Fe, respectively. Also, levels of moisture contents, ash contents, total solids contents, and protein levels were: 4.0 - 8.5%, 2.0 - 11.39%, 91.5 - 96.0%, and 11.8 - 33.2%, respectively. Most of the obtained results were consistent with the previous studies and within the permissible limits.

Keywords

[1]     F.B. Hu and M.J. Stampfer, Nut consumption and risk of coronary health disease a review of epidemiologic evidence, Curr. Atheroscler. Rep., 1 (1999) 205- 210.
[2]     P.M. Kris-Etherton, S. Yu-Poth, J. Sabate, H. Ratcliffe, G. Zhao and T. Etherton, Nuts and their bioactive constituents effects on serum lipids and factors that affects disease risk, Am. J. Clin. Nutr., 70 (1999) 504s – 511s.
[3]     C. Chen and J. Blumberg, Phytochemical composition of nuts, Asia Pac. J. Clin. Nutr., 17 (2008) 329-32.
[4]     K. Alexiadou and N. Katsilambros, Nuts: anti-atherogenic food, Eur. J. Intern. Med., 22 (2011) 141-6.
[5]     R.G.M. de Souza, R.M. Schincaglia, G.D. Pimentel and J.F. Mota, Nuts and Human Health Outcomes: A Systematic Review, Nutrients, 9 (2017) 1311- 1334.
[6]     L.R. Bordajandi, G. Gomez, E. Abad, J. Rivera, M.D. Fernandez-Baston, J. Blasco, and  M.J. Gonzalez, Survey of persistent organochlorine contaminants (PCBs, PCDD/Fs, and PAHs), heavy metals (Cu, Cd, Zn, Pb and Hg) and arsenic in food samples from Huelva Spain: levels and health implications, J. Agric. Food Chem., 52 (2014) 992-1001.
[7]     U. Celik and J. Oehlenschlager, High contents of cadmium, lead, zinc and copper in popular fishery products sold in Turkish supermarkets, Food Control, 18 (2007) 258-261.
[8]     G. Davarynejad, M. Zarei and P.T. NAGY, Identification and Quantification of Heavy Metals Concentrations in Pistacia, Not. Sci. Biol., 5 (2013) 438-444.
[9]     N. Jalbani, T.G. Kazi, M.K. Jamali, M.B. Arain, H.I. Afrid, S.T. Sheerazi and R. Ansari, Application of fractional factorial design and doehlert matrix in the optimization of experimental variables associated with the ultrasonic-assisted acid digestion of chocolate samples for aluminum determination by atomic absorption spectrometry, J. AOAC Int., 90 (2007) 1682- 1688.
[10] C. Cabrera, F. Lioris, R. Gimenez, M. Olalla and M. Lopez, Mineral content in legumes and nuts: contribution to the Spanish, dietary intake, Sci. Total Environ., 308 (2003) 1-14.
[11] K.M. Elsherif and H.M. Kuss, Direct and Simultaneous Determination of Bismuth, Antimony, and Lead in Biological samples by Multi Element Electrothermal Atomic Absorption Spectrometer, Der Chem. Sin., 3 (2012) 727-736.
[12] K.M. Elsherif, R.A. Abu Khater and F.A. Hegaig, Determination of major and minor elements in dairy products produced in Misurata city – Libya, Maghrebian J. Pure Appl. Sci., 3 (2017) 9-17.
[13] K.M. Elsherif and H.M. Kuss, Simultaneous Multi-Element Determination of Bismuth (Bi), Antimony (Sb), and Selenium (Se), Adv. Appl. Sci. Res., 3 (2012) 2402-2412.
[14] A.M. Alkherraz, O. Hashad and K.M. Elsherif‏, Heavy metals contents in some commercially available coffee, tea, and cocoa samples in misurata City–Libya, Prog. Chem. Biochem. Res., 2 (2019), 99-107. ‏
[15] M.A. Elbagermi, A.A. Bin Haleem and K.M. Elsherif‏, Physicochemical properties and nutritional values of pasteurized milk and long-life milk: A comparative study, J. Anal. Sci. Appl. Biotechnol., 2 (2020), 38-45. ‏
[16] M.A. Elbagermi, A.A. Bin Haleem and K.M. Elsherif‏, Evaluation of essential and heavy metal levels in pasteurized and long-life cow milk, Int. J. Adv. Chem., 8 (2020) 6-14.
[17] S.B. Adeloju, Comparison of Some Wet Digestion and Dry Ashing Methods for Voltammetric Trace Element Analysis, Analyst, 114 (1989) 455-461.
[18] Y.L. Liang, T. Qing, S.X. Zhang, K.X. Yin and J.Y. Qin, Determination of Trace Elements in Edible Nuts in the Beijing Market by ICP-MS, Biomed. Environ. Sci., 28 (2015), 449-454.
[19] I. Rodushkina, E. Engströma, D. Sörlinb and D. Baxterb, Levels of inorganic constituents in raw nuts and seeds on the Swedish market, Sci. Total Environ., 392 (2008) 290 – 304.
[20] H.S. Manzoor, I.H. Bukhari, M. Riaz, N. Rasool, U. Sattar, G. Rehman and Q. Ul Ain, Effect of microwave roasting and storage on the extent of heavy metals present in dry fruits, Int. J. Chem. Biochem. Sci., 3 (2013) 74-82.
[21] F. Zhu, L. Qu, W. Fan, M. Qiao, H. Hao and X. Wang, Assessment of heavy metals in some wild edible mushrooms collected from Yunnan Province, China, Environ. Monit. Assess., 179 (2010) 191- 199.
[22] R. Moodley, A. Kindness and S.B. Jonnalagadda, Elemental composition and chemical characteristics of five edible nuts (almond, Brazil, pecan, macadamia and walnut) consumed in Southern Africa, J. Environ. Sci. Health, Part B, 42 (2007) 585–591.
[23] M. Soylak, H. Colak, O. Turkoglu and M. Dogan, Trace metal content of snacks and appetizers consumed in Turkey, Bull. Environ. Contam. Toxicol., 76 (2006) 436- 441.
[24] S.H. Zlotkin and B.E. Buchanan, Manganese Intakes in Intravenously Fed Infants,  Biol. Trace Elem. Res., 9 (1986) 271- 280.
[25] V. Kamar, R. Dagalp and M. Tastekin, Determination of Heavy Metals in Almonds and Mistletoe as a Parasite Growing on the Almond Tree Using ICP-OES or ICP-MS, Biol. Trace Elem. Res., 185 (2018) 226- 235.
[26] E.E. Santosa, D.C. Lauriab and C.L. Silveirac, Assessment of daily intake of trace elements due to consumption of foodstuffs by adult inhabitants of Rio de Janeiro city, Sci. Total Environ., 327 (2004) 69–79.
[27] K.H. Chung, K.O. Shin, H.J. Hwang and K. Choi, Chemical composition of nuts and seeds sold in Korea, Nutr. Res. Pract., 7 (2013) 82-88.
[28] M. Venkatachalam and S.K. Sathe, Chemical Composition of Selected Edible Nut Seeds, J. Agric. Food Chem., 54 (2006) 4705- 4714.
[29] K.M. Mahmoud and R.T. Yasin, Quantitative Analysis of Some Metals in Alomond Kernel in Erbil City,              Int. J. Pharma Sci. Res., 7 (2016) 32 – 37.
[30] Q.A. Ibraheem, W.S. Ulaiwi and S. Eanas, The bioactivity and nutritional roles of some mineral and nutritive constituents of hazelnut Corylus avellana and walnut Juglans regia, Anbar J. Agric. Sci., 10 (2012) 223-234.