نوع مقاله : مقاله پژوهشی کامل
نویسندگان
دانشکده شیمی، دانشگاه پیام نور، تهران، ایران
چکیده
در این تحقیق یک روش سریع، کاربردی و حساس برای پیش تغلیظ و جداسازی کبالت از نمونه های حقیقی مختلف بر اساس استفاده از روش میکرواستخراج مایع – مایع پخشی بر پایه حلال های اتکتیک عمیق ارائه شده است که در آن از حلال اتکتیک عمیق، متانول و 1-(2-پیریدیل آزو)-2-نفتول به ترتیب به عنوان حلال استخراج کننده، حلال پخش کننده و عامل کمپلکس دهنده استفاده شده است. غلظت کبالت به وسیله دستگاه جذب اتمی شعله ای اندازه گیری شده است. پارامترهای موثر بر کارایی استخراج (مانند نوع و حجم حلال استخراج کننده و پخش کننده، pH، غلظت عامل کمپلکس دهنده و غلظت نمک) مورد بررسی و بهینه سازی قرار گرفتند. تحت شرایط بهینه حد تشخیص برای کبالت 5/1 میکروگرم بر لیتر با فاکتور پیش تغلیظ 40 بدست آمد. انحراف استاندارد نسبی برای 10 بار اندازه گیری غلظت 20 میکروگرم بر لیتر کبالت 0/3 درصد بدست آمد. صحت و کاربرد روش توسط اندازه گیری مقدار کبالت در نمونه های مرجع آبی و نمونه های آبی و محصولات کشاورزی مختلف مورد ارزیابی قرار گرفت.
کلیدواژه‌ها
[1] E.J. Underwood, Trace Elements in Human and Animal Nutrition, London, Academia (1971).
[2] D.L. Tsalev, Z.K. Zaprianov, Atomic Absorption in Occupational and Environmental Health Practice, Analytical Aspects and Health Significance, vol. 11, Boca Raton, FL, CRC Press (1983).
[3] H.G. Seiler, A. Siegel and H. Siegel, Handbook on Metals in Clinical and Analytical Chemistry, Marcel Dekker, New York, (1994).
[4] H. Abdolmohammad-Zadeh, E. Ebrahimzadeh, Determination of cobalt in water samples by atomic absorption spectrometry after pre-concentration with a simple ionic liquid-based dispersive liquid-liquid micro-extraction methodology, Cent. Eur. J. Chem. 8(3) (2010) 617–625.
[5] M.R. Jamali, B. Soleimani and R. Rahnama, A novel separation/preconcentration procedure using in situ sorbent formation microextraction for the determination of cobalt (II) in water and food samples by flame atomic absorption spectrometry, Arab. J. Chem. 10 (2017) S3150–S3155.
[6] A. Lukomska, A. Wiśniewska, Z. Dąbrowski and U. Domańska, Liquid-liquid extraction of cobalt (II) and zinc (II) from aqueous solutions using novel ionic liquids as an extractants, J. Mol. Liq. 307 (2020) 112955–964.
[7] K.T. Stojnova, V.V. Divarova, P.V. Racheva, G.D. Daskalov and V.D. Lecova, Complex formation and liquid–liquid extraction of anionic chelate of cobalt (II)-4-(2-thiazolylazo) resorcinol with 1,4-diphenyl-3-(phenylamino)-1H-1,2,4-triazole, Monatsh. Chem. 146 (2015) 867–873.
[8] A.R. Ipeaiyeda, A.R. Ayoade, Co-precipitation as a sample preparation technique for trace element analysis: An overview, Appl. Water Sci. 7 (2017) s4449–4459.
[9] A. Mohammadzadeh, M. Ramezani and A. Ghaedi, Flotation-assisted dispersive liquid–liquid microextraction method for preconcentration and determination of trace amounts of cobalt: Orthogonal array design, J. Anal. Chem. 71 (2016) 535–541.
[10] F. Pena-Pereira, I. Lavilla and C. Bendicho, Liquid-phase microextraction approaches combined with atomic detection: A critical review, Anal. Chim. Acta 669 (2010) 1–16.
[11] G. Yang, X. Dong, Q. Hu and J. Yin, Solid phase extraction and spectrophotometric determination of cobalt with 2-(2-quinolinylazo)-5-dimethylaminobenzoic acid as chromogenic reagent, Anal. Lett. 35 (2002) 1735–1745.
[12] A.N. Anthemidis, G. Giakisikli and G.A. Zachariadis, The HyperSep SCX micro-cartridge for on-line flow injection inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectrometric determination of trace elements in biological and environmental samples, Anal. Methods 3 (2011) 2108–2114.
[13] M. Shamsipur, M. Ramezani and A.A. Miran Beigi, Floating Organic Drop Microextraction Combined with Electrothermal Atomic Absorption Spectrometry for Trace Determination of Cobalt in Oil Refining Wastewaters, Energ. Sources Part A 37 (2015) 1164–1171.
[14] D. Citak, M. Tuzen, A novel preconcentration procedure using cloud point extraction for determination of lead, cobalt and copper in water and food samples using flame atomic absorption spectrometry, Food Chem. Toxicol. 48 (2010) 1399–1404.
[15] A.A. Guda, A.H. Amin and A.M. Summan, Development of cloud-point extraction method for preconcentration of trace quantities of cobalt and nickel in water and food samples, RSC Adv. 6(96) (2016) 94048-94057.
[16] S.M. Sorouraddin, M.A. Farajzadeh and H. Nasiri, Picoline based-homogeneous liquid–liquid microextraction of cobalt(ii) and nickel(ii) at trace levels from a high volume of an aqueous sample, Anal. Methods 11 (2019) 1379-1386.
[17] T. Okhravi, S.M. Sorouraddin, M.A. Farajzadeh and A. Mohebbi, Development of a liquid-nitrogen-induced homogeneous liquid-liquid microextraction of Co (II) and Ni (II) from water and fruit juice samples followed by atomic absorption spectrometry detection, Anal. Bioanal. Chem. 412(7) (2020) 1675-1684.
[18] M. Kamankesh, A. Mohammadi, Z.M. Tehrani, R. Ferdowsi and H. Hosseini, Dispersive liquid-liquid microextraction followed by high-performance liquid chromatography for determination of benzoate and sorbate in yogurt drinks and method optimization by central composite design, Talanta 109 (2013) 46–51.
[19] A. Ghasemi, M.R. Jamali and Z. Es’haghi, Ultrasound Assisted Ferrofluid Dispersive Liquid Phase Microextraction Coupled with Flame Atomic Absorption Spectroscopy for the Determination of Cobalt in Environmental Samples, Anal. Lett. 54 (2020) 378-393.
[20] J. Lan, Z. Zhao, Determination of cobalt in water samples using solidified floating organic drop microextraction coupled with graphite furnace atomic absorption spectrometry, Chem. Speciation Bioavailability 24(2) (2012) 124-128.
[21] S. Deniz, A. Kasa, S. Sel, Ç. Büyükpınar and S. Bakırdere, Sensitive and accurate determination of cobalt at trace levels by slotted quartz tube-flame atomic absorption spectrometry following preconcentration with dispersive liquid–liquid microextraction, Anal. Lett. 52 (2019) 745–753.
[22] A. Heintz, Recent developments in thermodynamics and thermophysics of non-aqueous mixtures containing ionic liquids. A review, J. Chem. Thermodyn. 37 (2005) 525–535.
[23] K. Radoševi´c, M.C. Bubalo, V.G. Srˇcek, D. Grgasb, T.L. Dragiˇcevi´cb and I. R. Redovnikovi´ca, Evaluation of toxicity and biodegradability of choline chloride based deep eutectic solvents, Ecotoxicol. Environ. Saf. 112 (2015) 46–53.
[24] Y. Dai, G.J. Witkamp, R. Verpoorte and Y.H. Choi, Natural deep eutectic solvents as a new extraction media for phenolic metabolites in Carthamus tinctorius L, Anal. Chem. 85 (2013) 6272–6278.
[25] M. Hayyan, M.A. Hashim, M.A. Al-Saadi, A. Hayyan, I.M. AlNashef and M.E. Mirghani, Assessment of cytotoxicity and toxicity for phosphonium-based deep eutectic solvents. Chemosphere 93 (2013) 455–459.
[26] A.H. Panhwar, T.G. Kazi, H.I. Afridi, S.A. Arain, K.D. Brahman and M.S. Arain, A new solid phase microextraction method using organic ligand in micropipette tip syringe system packed with modified carbon cloth for preconcentration of cadmium in drinking water and blood samples of kidney failure patients, Spectrochim. Acta, Part A 138 (2015) 296–302.
[27] X.D. Wen, Q. W. Deng, S.L. Ji, S.C. Yang and L. Peng, Design of rapidly synergistic cloud point extraction of ultra-trace lead combined with flame atomic absorption spectrometry determination, Microchem. J. 100 (2012) 31–35.
[28] M. Ghaedi, A. Shokrollahi, F. Ahmadi, H.R. Rajabi and M. Soylak, Cloud point extraction for the determination of copper, nickel and cobalt ions in environmental samples by flame atomic absorption spectrometry, J. Hazard. Mater. 150 (2008) 533–540.
[29] A. Safavi, H. Abdollahi, M.R. Hormozi Nezhad and R. Kamali, Cloud point extraction, preconcentration and simultaneous spectrophotometric determination of nickel and cobalt in water samples, Spectrochim. Acta, Part A 60 (2004) 2897–2901.
[30] D. Afzali, S.Z. Mohammadi, Determination trace amounts of copper, nickel, cobalt and manganese ions in water samples after simultaneous separation and preconcentration. Environ, Chem. Lett. 9 (2011) 115–119.
[31] M. Ghaedi, F. Ahmadi and A. Shokrollahi, Simultaneous preconcentration and determination of copper, nickel, cobalt and lead ions content by flame atomic absorption spectrometry, J. Hazard. Mater. 142 (2007) 272–278.
[32] M.A. Farajzadeh, M. Bahram and M.R. Vardast, Optimization of dispersive liquid-liquid microextraction of Co (II) and Fe (III) as their oxinate chelates and analysis by HPLC: Application for the simultaneous determination of Co (II) and Fe (III) in water samples, J. Sep. Sci. 32 (2009) 4200-4212.
)